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}} John Bardeen (May 23, 1908 – January 30, 1991) was an American physicist and electrical engineer, the only person to have won the Nobel Prize in Physics〔 twice: first in 1956 with William Shockley and Walter Brattain for the invention of the transistor; and again in 1972 with Leon N Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer for a fundamental theory of conventional superconductivity known as the BCS theory.〔Hoddeson, Lillian and Vicki Daitch. ''True Genius: the Life and Science of John Bardeen''. National Academy Press, 2002. ISBN 0-309-08408-3〕〔Dimitri O. Ledenyov and Viktor O. Ledenyov, "Nonlinearities in Microwave Superconductivity," Cornell University, New York, USA http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012arXiv1206.4426L , http://arxiv.org/abs/1206.4426 .〕 The transistor revolutionized the electronics industry, allowing the Information Age to occur, and made possible the development of almost every modern electronic device, from telephones to computers to missiles. Bardeen's developments in superconductivity, which won him his second Nobel, are used in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) or its medical sub-tool magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In 1990, John Bardeen appeared on ''LIFE Magazines list of "100 Most Influential Americans of the Century." ==Education and early life== John Bardeen was born in Madison, Wisconsin on May 23, 1908.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Biography of John Bardeen )〕 He was the son of Charles Russell Bardeen, the first dean of the University of Wisconsin Medical School. Bardeen attended the University High School at Madison for several years, but graduated from Madison Central High School in 1923.〔 He graduated from high school at age fifteen, even though he could have graduated several years earlier. His graduation was postponed due to taking additional courses at another high school and also partly because of his mother's death. He entered the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1923. While in college he joined the Zeta Psi fraternity. He raised the needed membership fees partly by playing billiards. He was initiated as a member of Tau Beta Pi engineering honor society. He chose engineering because he didn't want to be an academic like his father and also because it is mathematical. He also felt that engineering had good job prospects.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Biography of John Bardeen 1 )〕 Bardeen received his Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering in 1928 from the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he was a classmate of Grant Gale.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Curriculum Vitae of John Bardeen )〕 He graduated in 1928 despite taking a year off during his degree to work in Chicago. He had taken all the graduate courses in physics and mathematics that had interested him, and, in fact, graduated in five years, one more than usual; this allowed him time to also complete a Master's thesis, supervised by Leo J. Peters. He received his Master of Science degree in electrical engineering in 1929 from Wisconsin.〔〔 Bardeen stayed on for some time at Wisconsin furthering his studies, but he eventually went to work for Gulf Research Laboratories, the research arm of the Gulf Oil Corporation, based in Pittsburgh.〔 From 1930 to 1933, Bardeen worked there on the development of methods for the interpretation of magnetic and gravitational surveys.〔 He worked as a geophysicist. After the work failed to keep his interest, he applied and was accepted to the graduate program in mathematics at Princeton University.〔 Bardeen studied both mathematics and physics as a graduate student, ending up writing his thesis on a problem in solid-state physics, under physicist Eugene Wigner. Before completing his thesis, he was offered a position as Junior Fellow of the Society of Fellows at Harvard University in 1935. He spent the next three years there, from 1935 to 1938, working with Nobel laureate physicist John Hasbrouck van Vleck and to-be laureate Percy Williams Bridgman on problems in cohesion and electrical conduction in metals, and also did some work on level density of nuclei. He received his Ph.D. in mathematical physics from Princeton in 1936.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「John Bardeen」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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